Harvard Referencing​​

All written assessments must cite all sources using the Harvard Referencing system. In the text, immediately after introducing a key idea, you must add a reference in brackets. All your sources must be included in a bibliography at the end.

References in the text:

Straight after the quote or paraphrase, you must include the author’s name, the year of publication and the page number:

The novel begins with the grim image of the train passengers’ faces, which are described as “pale yellow, the colour of the fog” (Dostoyevsky, 2004, p. 5).

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

You do not need to repeat the author’s name if it is already in the text:

Woolf introduces the essay’s topic as ‘women and fiction’ (2000, p. 5), going on to discuss the various connotations of the phrase.

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘et al.’

When you refer to websites and brochures, which don’t have page numbers, either leave out the page number or quote the paragraph number:

(Scribbr, para. 4)

If there is more than one text, put them in order from oldest to youngest, separated by semicolons:

Several in-depth studies have investigated this phenomenon during the last decade (Singh, 2011; Davidson, 2015; Harding, 2018).

References in the bibliography:

Put the author’s family names in alphabetical order. Include:

Books: Author’s surname, first initial. (Year published) Book title. Edition number. City where it was published: Publisher’s name.
Danielson, D. (ed.) (1999) The Cambridge companion to Milton. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Smith, Z. (2017) Swing time. London: Penguin. 

Note that (ed.) means “editor.” Only include the edition number if it is on the cover.

Journals: Author’s surname, first initial. (Year published) “Article title,” Publication Name or website, Volume number (issue number) page range.  For online articles, add the date you accessed it (that is, when you found it online).